How Discourse Is Used For Power And Knowledge, And For...

Discourse is a broad term with various definitions which â€Å"integrates a whole palette of meanings† (Titscher et al., 2000, p.42), covering a large area from linguistics, through sociology, philosophy and other disciplines. According to Fairclough (1989) the term refers to â€Å"the whole process of interaction of which a text is just a part† (Fairclough, 1989, p.24). As pervasive ways of experiencing the world, discourses refer to expressing oneself using words. Discourses can be used for asserting power and knowledge, and for resistance and critique. The speakers: Audolf Hitler and Winston Churchill ideological content in speeches as does the linguistic form of the speeches. That is, selection or choice of a linguistic form may not be a live process for the individual speaker, but the discourse will be a reproduction of that previously learned discourse. According to Schaffner (1996), political discourse, as a sub-category of discourse in general, can be based on t wo criteria: functional and thematic. Political discourse is a result of politics and it is historically and culturally determined. It fulfills different functions due to different political activities such as a democratic society and a dictatorship. It is thematic because its topics are primarily related to politics such as political activities, political ideas and political relations in this case, the topic of war. It is a common knowledge that politics is concerned with power: the power to make decisions, to controlShow MoreRelatedStrengths And Weaknesses Of Postmodernism713 Words   |  3 PagesPostmodernism or postculturalism, a term often also used, offer a very different and much more radical version of constructivism. 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Thus, this investigation of details leads to an interpretation that cannotRead MoreAnalysis Of Arundhati Roy s The God Of Small Things 1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between language and resistance in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things, is a site of continuous contest and struggle. Roy assumes a position within Western discourse to communicate her ideas, all the while challenging and rejecting the very structure she inhabits. Through her writing, rather than seeking to enter the canon of postcolonial literature, Roy strives to redefine it. Throughout the narrative, she subverts the rules and boundaries of language, internally pursuing aRead MoreUnder Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses1669 Words   |  7 PagesScholarship and Colonial Discourses,† Chandra Talpade Mohanty explores the simplified construction of the â⠂¬Å"third-world woman† in hegemonic feminist discourses. In contrast, in her essay â€Å"US Third-World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern World,† Chela Sandoval specifically analyzes â€Å"US third-world feminism† and how it is the model for not only oppositional political activity, but also consciousness in the United States and how this has not been recognizedRead MoreWomen s Roles Of Reproduction1466 Words   |  6 Pagespoetry in linking women’s oppression and heterosexuality. These rhetoricians asserted that heterosexuality is an unavoidable institution that is aimed at perpetuating men’s power across race and class. In Lorde’s (1984) Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches and Rich’s (1980) On Lies, Secrets, and Silence, these rhetoricians examined how classicism, racism and sexism work together based on heterosexuality to oppress women in society. Therefore, rhetoricians claimed for so lidarity and sisterhood despiteRead MoreWhat Influenced Her Work?1560 Words   |  7 Pagescurriculum at St. Joseph Community School, an educational center for underprivileged children of color, which sought to engage young students in thinking critically about power systems and intellectual activism. At this stage in her career, she focused on developing curriculum and teaching herself new information to fill in gaps in her knowledge in order to provide historical and social frameworks for the lessons she taught her students. This experience â€Å"shaped the thematic approaches and theoretical perspectives†Read MoreA Critical Analysis of Homi K. Bhabhas How Newness Enters The World: Postmodern space, postcolonial times and the trials of cultural translation1610 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Homi K. Bhabhas How Newness Enters The World: Postmodern space, postcolonial times and the trials of cultural translation The Indian theorist Homi K. Bhabha shifted the limelight from the binary1 of the colonizer and the colonized to the liminal spaces in-between in the domain of Postcolonial studies. In Difference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism, he stated, There is always, in Said, the suggestion that colonial power is possessed entirely by the colonizerRead MoreThe Feminist Philosophy Of Science Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesFeminist interaction with the philosophy of science, and in particular a feminist interpretation of epistemology, concerns the extent to which bias influences and shapes knowledge within the scientific community, and means to rectify this. There are three main distinctions of feminist philosophy of science - feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. I am to be comparing and contrasting two of the three, specifically feminist standpoint theory and empiricism. I shall argue that standpointRead MoreQueer Theory : The Matrix2120 Words   |  9 Pagessituation or a text to determine the relationship between sexuality, power and gender. Queer theory challenges basic tropes used to organize our society and our language: even words are gendered, and through that gendering an elliptical view of the hierarchy of society, and presumption of what is male and what is female, shines through. Queer theory rejects such binary distinctions as arbitrarily determined and defined by those with social power. It works to deconstruct these binaries, particularly the homosexual/heterosexualRead MoreContemporary Management Issues9330 Words   |  38 PagesPARADOX OF COVERT RESISTANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS Peter Fleming p.fleming1@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Andrà © Spicer a.spicer@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Department of Management University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic 3010 Australia Chapter for Paradoxical New Directions in Organization and Management Theory. Edited by Stewart Clegg. Amsterdam: Benjamins. (Second Draft) July 2001 The problem of whether employee resistance is possible under corporate relations of power that target the very

A Compare and Contrast of the New Product Development Model

Introduction New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies today. Companies need new product to keep up with its’ competitors. New product development can be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market. The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for assisting in the introduction of new products. NPD models can help to identify problems at an early stage and assist in directing the NPD effort in the right direction. It can be used as a roadmap and provides an indication of magnitude of the project required in order to develop†¦show more content†¦Stages are cross functional and each activity is undertaken in parallel to enhance speed to market. To manage risk, the parallel activities in a certain stage must be designed to gather vital information – technical, market, financial, operations – in order to drive down the technical and business risk. Each successive stage is also more costly than previous stage. The idea is to allow an increase in spending on the development of projects as the uncertainty goes down. Preceding each stage is a decision point or gate which serves as a go/kill and prioritization decision point. The advantages of the stage-gate are following: - Well organized innovation can be a source of competitive advantage. - Accelerated product development. Necessary because of shortening product life cycles. - Increased success chance of new products. Prevents poor projects early and helps to redirect them - Integrated market orientation. Multiple convergent model The multiple convergent model (Baker and Hart, 1994) follows parallel processing – like the stage-gate model - which allows iterations among participants within stages. However, there are two problems with parallel processing. First, it ignores the important inputs to NPD that are provided by customers and suppliers. Second, if functions are to work in parallel then when do the processes take decisions and move on to the next stage? The multiple convergent model overcomes the issue byShow MoreRelatedNew Product Development Model Compare and Contrast939 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies today. Companies need new product to keep up with its’ competitors. New product development can be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market. The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for assisting in the introduction of new productsRead MoreReasearch On The Capabilities Maturity Model831 Words   |  4 PagesCapability Maturity Model (CMM) Tian Mei A20359022 Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology Stuart Building, 10 West 31st Street, Chicago, IL 60616 USA tmei1@hawk.iit.edu Abstract—Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate the capability maturity of a software organization. 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Letters from an American Farmer free essay sample

We Are America America -? a land known for Its Ideals of freedom and new opportunities, a nation built under the Idea that every man and women Is created equal. However, the definition of what makes a person an American is entirely different from what it is that makes up America, itself. J. Hector SST. John Occurred, author of Letters from an American Farmer (1782), exposes what he believes makes an American. However, when compared to the standards of what makes an American in todays world, it seems that becoming an American then was much simpler then, than It is today.The function of an American Is always evolving due to the Influences of our changing nation. During a simpler time, Occurred defined an American as someone of European descent with great ambition but as the times have changed, so has the definition of an American. J. Hector SST. John Occurred created his own definition of an American when he first came to America. We will write a custom essay sample on Letters from an American Farmer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After living here for some time he got a good sense of what it meant and/or took to be an American. Since most people entering the country during the 18th century came from Europe, Occurred thought this to be an Important attribute for being an American.He Is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country (De Occurred 262). He saw that those Europeans were coming to America because of how they were treated in their home countries, especially a lack of respect for their natural born rights. Due to religious persecution, many Europeans came to America, where they believed that they could practice whatever religion they pleased. [T]o the right, lives a Catholic who prays to God as he has been taught and believes In transubstantiation_. _ his belief, his prayers, offend nobody (Occurred 265). Americans believed in freedom of religion and did not find the reason in persecuting someone that was doing them no harm. An American was someone who was willing to let go of his or her old ways and start anew by leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices, and manners, receive[inning] new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds (Occurred 262). They were open to American Ideals, such as freedom of religion and freedom of speech. America welcomed anyone who would ark hard to achieve their dreams and strive for their goals.Compared to the 18th century, people who enter the united States, today, are also looking to start anew; and are looking to work hard for their rights. America still believes in freedom and in being the land of opportunities even though time has changed some of Americas Orlando ideals. Nowadays, becoming an American Is not as simple as entering America and obtaining land. For example, there Is the process of applying for citizenship, something that has now become a big part of defining an American. Hundreds of thousands of people per year apply for citizenship, yet not many people are granted the opportunity to become one.Anonymous shared their story online and said, l never once thought immigration would affect me, until I realized that laws change and If you are Just a resident here You have no protection (Defining American). Immigrants feel citizens have more rights than people who are Just questions about the United States and what its founders had set as its ideals. Though, with patience, an immigrant can become an American within a few years. Of rouser, it isnt as quick of a process as it was then, but it still is something worth celebrating.Also because of advancements in technology and the creation of airplanes, Europeans are no longer the only group of people who come to this country in hopes of a better life. Id have to say an American is anyone born in the United States, Mexico, North, Central or South America (Defining American). America is a melting pot. There are many immigrants coming to America from Asia, Mexico, and Europe. America is filled with different cultures and traditions from all these efferent countries, but it is not as easy to enter the country as it was before. There was a time during the early 20th century when the government passed the Quota System, a document which limited the number of people entering the country. Even today there are still immigration laws that prevent everyone from entering. Americans in the 18th century are very different from Americans today though they still have similar beliefs. Americans have always been on the side of freedom, providing people with the chance to start a new life with new found hope, and has since been known as the land of opportunities.Even today there are many immigrants coming onto American soil in hopes of finding a promising Job. l define American not as a citizenship or form of paper, but a way of life and a mindset to embrace all the abundant opportunities America has to offer to all who believe in achieving their dreams by working harder and becoming better (Defining American Is Defining Yourself). This quote is similar to Crossovers thought that Americans [A]re all animated with the spir it of assn industry which is unfitted and unrestrained because each person works for himself (De Occurred 261). As Americans, we are all qualified to receive our rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the freedom to succeed. However, it is believed that these rights apply to all human beings, thus resulting in the immigration of people from other nations, because they want their natural rights to be acknowledged. There are many different definitions of what makes a person an American. The definition is always changing; whether its expanding or Just being tinkered with. Occurred had an idea of what makes an American, and compared to what would make an American today, he was to that far off.During the 18th century, what was considered a somewhat simpler time, an American could have been anybody. All a person needed to become an American was to arrive on American soil, believe in natural rights, have the ambition to work for his or her dream; and most commonly, be able to obtain land. Nowadays, to become an American, one must go through a process that will entitle them a citizen. A person could come from anywhere in the world, and to gain the title citizen would be what grants them the established natural rights of a human without them Ewing ignored or dismissed.

The Seagull Monologue Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Seagull Monologue Essay Thesis A monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Two Plays of Tchekhof. Trans. George Calderon. London: Grant Richards Ltd., 1912. TREPLEF: She is vexed at the idea of Nina Zaretchnaya and not herself having a success even in this poor little theatre. She is a psychological curiosity, my mother. A clever and gifted woman, who can cry over a novel, will reel you off all Nekrasof\s poems by heart, and is the perfection of a sick nurse; but venture to praise Eleonora Duse before her! Oho! ho! You must praise nobody but her, write about her, shout about her, and go into ecstasies over her wonderful performance in La Dame aux Camelias, or The Fumes of Life; but as she cannot have these intoxicating pleasures down here in the country, she\s bored and gets spiteful; we are her enemies, she thinks; it\s all our fault. Then, she\s superstitious, is afraid of the number thirteen, or three candles on a table. She\s a miser, too. She has seven thousand pounds in the bank at Odessa; I know it for certain. But ask her to lend you anything and she\ll cry. She loves me, she loves me not, she loves me, she loves me not, she lov es me, she loves me not. You see, my mother doesn\t love me. Why should she? She wants to live, to love, to wear pretty frocks; and I, I am twenty-five years old, and a perpetual reminder that she is no longer young. When I\m not there, she is only thirty-two; when I am, she\s forty-three, and she hates me for that. She also knows that I don\t believe in the stage. She loves the stage; she thinks that she is advancing the cause of humanity and her sacred art; but I regard the stage of to-day as mere routine and prejudice. When the curtain goes up and the gifted beings, the high priests of the sacred art, appear by electric light, in a room with three sides to it, representing how people eat, drink, love, walk and wear their jackets; when they strive to squeeze out a moral from the flat, vulgar pictures and the flat, vulgar phrases, a little tiny moral, easy to comprehend and handy for home consumption, when in a thousand variations they offer me always the same thing over and over againthen I take to my heels and run, as Maupassant ran from the Eiffel Tower, which crushed his brain by its overwhelming vulgarity. We must have a new formula. That\s what we want. And if there are none, then it\s better to have nothing at all. I love my mother, I love her dearly; but it\s a tomfool life that she leads with this novelist always at her elbow, and her name for ever in the papersit disgusts me! Sometimes it is just the egoism of the ordinary man that speaks to me; I am sorry that I have a famous actress for my mother, and I feel that if she had been an ordinary woman I should have been happier. What position could be more hopeless and absurd than mine was at home with her? Her drawing-room filled with nothing but celebrities, actors and writers, and among them all the only nobody, myself, tolerated only because I was her son. Who am I? What am I? Sent down from the University without a degree through circumstances for which the editor cannot hold himself responsible, as they say; with no talents, without a farthing, and according to my passport a Kief artisan; for my father was officially reckoned Kief artisan, although he was a famous actor. So that when these actors and writers in her drawing-room graciously bestowed their attention on me, it seemed to me that they were merely taking the measure of my insignificance; I guessed their thoughts and felt humiliation. .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .postImageUrl , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:hover , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:visited , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:active { border:0!important; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:active , .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20474bde72c8f6366d9eaf2a8f4b94ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Strife Roberts Monologue Essay We will write a custom essay on The Seagull Monologue Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

The Need to Study Military History in the Advent of Increasing Technology

The Need to Study Military History in the Advent of Increasing Technology Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Those who do not study history are doomed to repeat it.† These are the famous words of the philosopher and poet Georges Santayana (1863 – 1952). The study of military history at one time was reserved for the officer cast of many military organizations however with the advent of the Noncommissioned Officer Corps in the American Army, the need to understand past military events are essential. Without comprehensive sturdy of our military past, we as a professional organization will be doomed to fail in any future operations. American Military NCOs provide the backbone of the most powerful military force on the planet. Thus the study of military history only strengthens the support this backbone provides. To be a successful Soldier, you must know history. Patton. There Are No New Strategies Military strategies have been developing ever since the dawn of mankind. Man’s ability to adapt and learn new strategy has built a diverse collective repertoire of strategy, techniques and procedures (TTP’s) over the last 5000 years. Many of the strategy used by the American Army are nothing more then variation of a common theme passed down from one fighting force to another. Often these techniques prove to be â€Å"Darwinian† in nature with the most successful surviving and evolving and the least successful being discarded. With the advent of the various cultural and technological developments, it is safe to say that many military situations one culture encounters has already been encountered by another culture. Although targeted developments occur in specific cultures such as gun powder with the Chinese or the Bolo and Boomerang with the Aborigines of Australia, employment of these systems follow a parallel course in the aspect of application. No one civilization has a monopoly on military strategic development. Man’s nomadic nature ensured that any military strategy moved and was shared. As one civilization encountered other a merging and sharing diffident strategies occurred. Prior to the printed word these TTPs’ were taught and spread by word of mouth and hands on demonstrations. A comprehensive study of military history will prove a strong base in which today’s NCO can not just adjust to, but to add on and pass to the next generation of NCOs. Consider the basic concept o f reward and punishment to motivate Soldiers. Although this concept in it’s self is not a direct military strategy, it’s application effects morale and thus is a combat multiplier to mission accomplishment. During the Napoleonic Wars the Emperor Napoleon used this concept to not just motivate his Soldiers but to recruit additional forces from concurred armies. With the statement â€Å"Give me enough ribbon and I can concur the world† this military leader provided the motivational goal for his troops to aspire for. Napoleons technique for awarding these â€Å"little strips of ribbon was with fanfare and as much pomp as the occasion will allow. This made even the lowest ranking foot Soldiers aspire to heights of greatness. Technology is Just another Tool Technology is the application of science to war. This accounts for new weapons and the entire range of new equipment. When the American Army was initially started the technology was rudimentary compared to today’s standards. The Industrial Revolution caused whole chains of technological advances in the fields of weapons, transportation, communication, construction and medicine. Regardless of the technical level of an Army, it’s the implement of that technology that remains the same. For example: flint locks and smooth bore rifles was the standard issue of the day during the Revolutionary War. Up to the development of today’s modern individual weaponry the concept of basic rifle marksmanship has not changed. The same techniques used to send rounds to engage the enemy is the same today as it was in 1775. Today’s NCOs are the Teacher for the Next Generations of NCOs When a professional, well educated Noncommissioned Officers encounter situations unfamiliar to them, many try to â€Å"feel their way thru† until they come to a solution. I argue that as diverse an organization as the NCO Corps is and with the advent of technology, there is no need for any NCO to be stumped by unusual situations. A simple internet search can provide a wealth of knowledge on a variety of situations based off historical references and precedents. We are then obligated to share this knowledge with our young Soldiers and NCOs thus providing a foundation for their professional development and strong knowledge base when dealing with situations they may encounter. Websites like AKO, NCONET, Center for Army Lessons Learned and may others can an do provide an abundant amount of knowledge and provides a source of networking for not just active duty NCO but retirees as well. Words without Reference are Meaningless All too often NCOs hear phrases that are designed to spark motivation not just in their Soldiers but in them. When these leaders act on these words they spark motivation not just in their Soldiers but in themselves. When these leaders act on these words they are engaging form a present day perspective thus without a study in military history a young leader will be hard press to understand the possible outcome of their action. As a point of reference consider the phase â€Å"Lead from the front not from the rear†. Leaders NCOs have been hearing this phase for years but few have knowledge of the historical record of its implementation and application. A good example comes from the Napoleonic Wars. The long artillery column belonging to Marshal Lannes V Corps had taken the wrong road up to the plateau where the rest of the V Corps was waiting and was now stuck behind the lead gun, hopelessly jammed between two large rocks. The senior NCOs were disgusted, both because the officers had gotten them all lost, and because they had wandered off to find supper for them leaving the growing problem in their laps. In the time-honored tradition of professional soldiers, they decided to light their pipes. There was a sudden stir on the ledge above the defile. Startled NCOs looked up from their pipes to notice two men, one holding a lantern. A stern rebuke from a senior marechal des logis chef was choked off in mid-sentence when it was noticed that the man without the lantern wore a simple bicorne and overcoat. The whispered warning of lEmpereur! ran down the column like wildfire. A sudden, shocked, and profane shudder ran the length of the stalled column. Intense activity suddenly erupted as the NCOs realized who was present. Sleepy drivers were knocked awake. Horses ¹ ears pricked up, unwary drivers being thrown from their saddles as their mounts shook themselves awake; pipes were put out. Cannoneers asleep beside their guns were kicked awake by now-alert sergeants and corporals. From a sleepy mass of horseflesh and humanity the column now became a hub of alert and disciplined activity. Napoleon, tight-lipped in his fury as he was told the situation from a veteran marechal des logis, gave a few quiet, succinct orders, and once again became a young captain of artillery. The lead gun crew, supervised by the senior NCOs and directed by the Emperor himself, skillfully worked the gun loose from its granite prison. Acting on instructions from Napoleons companion, a General Aide-de-Camp, the entire column mounted and lurched forward into motion-alert, motivated gunners pulling alongside straining team horses, leather harness creaking under the strain of guns and caissons, to work together up the crude defile. Counter Argument and Response The study of military history is a pointless effort. Many NCOs have very successful careers and have a very limited knowledge of military history. The study of military history is an officers program and is necessary to obtain rank at the senior levels where battlefield decisions must be made. The subject of military history is not instructed in any detail in Basic Combat Training nor is in any Advance Individual Training program of instruction. In most cases the NCO on the ground will have an officer issuing order for him to carry out. If there is any need for a historical analysis and comparison to be made it is already done by the officer issuing the orders. The NCO just needs to execute. With the development of American culture, today’s NCOs have to deal with situations (both in personnel issues and battlefield engagements) that their predecessors could not have imagined. Many of the situations that do have a historical reference can not be handled in the same manner today as it was in the past based off more humane treatment persons both enemy and friendly. Although many NCOs have had successful careers with just a rudimentary knowledge of military history; what was the quality of mentorship these NCOs provided to the next generations of NCOs? I submit that many of the situations these NCOs encountered through out their careers have already happened to a counter part from some past event. Imagine the amount of time and energy a NCO can save with this type of knowledge base. Today’s NCOs are not mindless automatons who respond only when an office issues orders. Today’s NCOs are thinking analytic professionals who must be flexible when dealing with tactical situations. As NCOs monitor these situations they may have to adjust there techniques to meet the developing situation. With a historical base of tactic technique and procedure and NCO can pull references from his acquired knowledge and implement like TTP’s (with a different spin in most cases) to achieve the battlefield advantage. Conclusion When it comes to the implementation of strategy techniques and procedures there is nothing new under the sun. The same strategy used in Americas past wars are still used to day regardless of the technological advances made in weaponry and communication. As today’s NCOs are required to make rapid decisions on the battlefield, a strong knowledge base with a historical presidents is imperative for them to draw from in order to prevent hesitation, complete the mission and achieve victory. References Elting, John Robert and Vincent J. Esposito. A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars. Revised edition. London: Greenhill, 1999. 400 pages. ISBN# 1853673463. Elting, John Robert. Swords Around a Throne: Napoleons Grande Armà ©e. N.Y.: Da Capo, 1997. 784 pages. ISBN# 030607572. Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, and Fisher, Todd. The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. (Essential Histories Special: 4.) Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2004. ISBN# 1841768316 Elder, Daniel K. 2009 The NCO Historical Society. [Online] at: ncohistory.com Research Papers on The Need to Study Military History in the Advent of Increasing TechnologyOpen Architechture a white paperAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaWhere Wild and West Meet

Passive Voice What is Passive Voice How to Improve it with Examples

Passive Voice What is Passive Voice How to Improve it with Examples Passive Voice: What Is Passive Voice How to Improve It with Examples Passive voice has its purposes. It really does. In fact, it can be the politically correct way to phrase something.Imagine†¦The setting: a public school libraryThe players: a librarian (OK, I’m the librarian) and 15 first gradersThe scene: The librarian is reading aloud nonfiction books about sharks.The question: â€Å"Why do sharks _______________?† (some intriguing behavior too complex or gory for me to explain or possibly even understand)The passive voice answer that keeps me employed in a public school: â€Å"That’s the way they were made.†The active voice answer that I would tell my grandchildren: â€Å"God made them that way.†Heres what youll learn about passive voice:What is passive voice?How much passive voice can you use?How to choose to use passive or active voiceActive voice examplesHow to vary your sentence varietyHow to find your percent of passive voiceNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, ma rketing, and publishing process in our VIP Selfs:ACTIVE: I love reading.PASSIVE: Reading is loved by me.ACTIVE: AC/DC Thunder won the game easily.PASSIVE: The game was won easily by AC/DC Thunder.With students, the focus is on active voice; with a professional writer like yourself, you will most likely have a blend of both active and passive sentences, but active should still far outweigh passive.Active VS Passive Voice with ExamplesFrom Billboards â€Å"The Biggest Hits of All: The Hot 100s All-Time Top 100 Songs† I selected songs that used active voice in their titles. (WHO selected them? I selected them. That’s another easy example of active voice.)Here are song titles along with a rewrite in passive voice:â€Å"I Love Rock ‘N Roll† * Rock ‘N Roll Is Loved by Meâ€Å"I Gotta Feeling† * A Feeling Was Gotten by Meâ€Å"You Light Up My Life† * My Life Was Lit Up by You†Ã¢â‚¬Å"We Found Love† * Love Was Found by Usâ€Å"I Wan t to Hold Your Hand† * Your Hand Is What I Want to Holdâ€Å"Another One Bites the Dust† * The Dust Was Bitten by Another Oneâ€Å"I Will Always Love You† * You Will Always Be Loved by Meâ€Å"I Heard It Through the Grapevine† * It Was Heard Through the Grapevine by MeSentences with the understood subject (you) have an imperative active voice which is much more authoritative than passive tense:(You)† Un-Break My Heart† * My Heart Should Be Unbroken by You(You) â€Å"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree† * A Yellow Ribbon Should Be Tied Round the Ole Oak Tree by You(You) â€Å"Let the Sunshine In† * The Sunshine Should Be Let In by You(You) â€Å"Play That Funky Music† * That Funky Music Should Be Played by YouConversely, this next song title has a passive voice that works: â€Å"That’s What Friends Are For† (better than Friends Are for That).With the rewrites changing active voice to passive, did you dis cern a pattern where many of them ended with a prepositional phrase containing the person doing the action?Think of gossip. People want to know who is doing what! (They really did that? You’re kidding!) Put the subject right at the beginning so everyone knows whom you’re talking (writing) about and what they did!How to Vary Your Sentence Variety Using Passive Voice and Active VoiceIf you have the same subject over and over and if the object is more of the point anyway, passive voice allows for sentence variety.Furthermore, if it doesn’t matter who did the action because the result is the point, passive voice works.The chairs in the old high school library were refinished and moved to the new library weeks before the tables were moved. Temporary chairs were in the high school library. I needed the tables from the old elementary library to sort the genre boxes, so students had chairs, but no tables for a while. The elementary students enjoyed sitting at the  "invisible† tables and joked how they didn’t have to push in their chairs when they left.After class, a first grader told his teacher very sincerely, â€Å"The tables really are invisible!†I smile whenever I think of his endearing comment.Passive voice rationale: It didn’t matter who had refinished and moved the chairs or who had put temporary chairs in the high school library. I hadn’t done those things, and those details would not have added to the book. Nonetheless, I had completed the genrefication project (where the library was totally reorganized by book genres). I didn’t want to start almost every sentence with â€Å"I + action verb + direct object.† It would sound awkward to repeatedly start sentences with â€Å"I did this, I did that, I, I, I†¦.†Passive Voice Checker How to Determine Your Percent of Passive VoiceBeyond the basic spelling and grammar check (which can be helpful with tools like Grammarly or even Hem ingway Editor) is Word’s readability feature.It tells you various details about your writing, including the percentage of passive sentences, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. For example, the segment about the chairs and the invisible tables scored an 8.8 Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, which means it was written at a reading level where an 8th grader in the 8th month of school should be able to comprehend the text.Many teen and adult fiction books are written at 4th 6th-grade reading levels (based on Accelerated Reader scoring) because the writing flows at those levels for recreational reading compared to reading to learn new information. Newspapers may rank more at a 10th-grade reading level, depending on the complexity of the information.If you are using Word and would like to know your percentage of passive sentences and readability scores, here’s what you do:Go to Review at the top of Word.Select Spelling Grammar from the top left.Select Op tions from the pop-up.Select Settings at the bottom of the next pop up (next to Writing style:)Then scroll down until you see Passive Voice and check the boxSelect OK and youll now be able to check your passive voice in WordIn case you were wondering (and even if you weren’t), this article was written at a 6.7 reading level with 6% sentences being passive.Now check some of your writing and see if you agree with your results. By the way, I just took my own advice here and checked my children’s picture book, The Flower Fairies Meet the Talking Rainbow Rocks. It contains 4% passive sentences (acceptable to me) but has a 4.1 reading level, which is higher than I would have guessed and higher than I had planned for a picture book.My book’s science-related terms increased the reading level. Word’s readability tool actively helps with various writing considerations beyond passive voice. You may use it purely for passive voice, but it will tell you even more.Acti ve writing is lively writing. It is aggressive in the most positive sense. It burrows in there and zooms straight to the point. Stay active with your writing, and stay active in your writing.Are you ready to write a bestseller?Together we can take your writing up a notch and you can self-publish a book that becomes the next bestseller!

Evaluation Essay on movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation on movie - Essay Example The movie is directed by Francis Lawrence, produced by Andrew Tennenbaum, source material by Sara Gruen and screen play by Richard LaGravenese. The Main actors are Marlena (Reese Witherspoon), Jacob Jankowski (Robert Pattinson), August (Christoph Waltz) and Charlie (Paul Schneider). From the onset, the movie gives an air of self satisfaction because of its source; a bestseller novel as the source material. Unlike other movies that the industry and viewers have witnessed before that have viewer discretions especially due to language, sex and violence, this movie definitely qualifies to be a broad-based and popular entertainment for the whole family. However, the novel and the ingredients in the movie are very promising that the viewer has the feeling that it could have been better. Despite its uniqueness and richness of the story, there lacks a convincing romantic chemistry in the film and therefore, the emotional connection that one feels should be there cannot be found. Being set at the back of a circus story which in most stories is an epic, majority of all generations being targeted by the movies can identify with. The costume designer should take much credit in the making of a costume that convincingly takes the movie back to the 1970s when circus was popular among the North Americans (Turan). By placing a love triangle deep into the heart of the film in a circus story, the film is able to bring that special aura and romance that remains relevant despite the passing of time. Set against the background of depression in the United States that characterized those times, Jacob had hoped to become a good vet with a Cornell degree. Therefore, in the desperation of unsatisfied dreams, he hops into a circus that forms the skeleton of the film. Therefore, the movie is set against a credible background that especially the older generation all know too well about and especially the depression that comes with lack of job opportunities

GOOGLE - Research the company's history from inception to the present Paper

GOOGLE - the company's history from inception to the present. Write a detailing the company's history. In par - Research Paper Example That was when Google was born. Several days of brainstorming resulted in a name called ‘Google’ which is still used today. In august 1997, a $100,000 check was signed by co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim for Google Inc. which didn’t have any existence yet. Google’s first work place was established in Susan Wojcicki garage in the following September. On September 4, Google filed for incorporation and after that, Sergey and Larry opened a bank account in Google’s name and deposited the check signed by Andy (Brin, Sergey, and Larry Page). In December 1998, Google was reported as a search engine for Top 100 Web Sites for 1998. In 1999, the garage office was abandoned by Page and Sergey to move to 165 University Avenue located in Palo Alto with a team of eight employees. The first non-engineer, Omid Kordestani joined in May 1999 as a salesperson. In August 1999, Google Inc. moved to its first Mountain View area at 2400 E. Bayshore. It was few miles from Stanfo rd University which is north of Silicon Valley, Santa Clara, Sunnyvale, and San Jose (Battelle, John; pgs 130-140). In 1999, Google realized that its search engine can exist on its own, and emphasize on something that most competitors were reducing focus on – a total emphasis on search and no cluttered homepage. The logo was a bit ugly at that time but this problem was solved in 2000. Â  On April 1, 2000 Google came up with Mental Plex which introduced the capability of Google to read a person’s mind as he or she visualizes the search results he or she wants. In May 2000, first ten languages of Google.com were released. First Webby Award was given to Google as Technical Achievement (Vise, David A, and Mark Malseed; pages 30-40). June 2000 marked Google’s partnership with Yahoo to become Yahoo’s default search engine. The first billion URL index was also announced in this month and Google became world’s biggest search provider. Google survived the contagious Y2K bug in 2000 and was named the ‘Best Search Engine’ by Internet Life Yahoo. In September, 2000 Google Inc began to offer other languages such as Korean, Japanese, and Chinese; thus bringing the total count of languages that Google offers to fifteen. The AdWords was launched with three hundred and fifty customers in October. This self-service advertisement program gives online activation with credit card, performance feedback and keyword targeting. Google Toolbar was released in December 2000 which makes it easier to search without actually visiting homepage of Google.com (Vise, David A, and Mark Malseed; pages 30-40). In 2001, Google Inc. came up with new services such as Google Web Directory, Google Groups, etc. 2001 can be considered the year where everyone in the world knew Google; however its growth has been rapid since its growth. Google began to show how many pages you have searched above the search box (this feature did not survive though). In Febru ary 2001, first public acquisition of Google was taken by Deja.com which is an archive of 500 million user net discussion. Google was now offered in twenty six different languages and image search was launched giving an access to about two hundred and fifty million pictures. First international office was opened in Tokyo (Vise, David A, and Mark Malseed; pages 100-120). In August 2001, Eric Schmidt became the Chief

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Television is a powerful media source, bringing stories to billions across the globe. It has been called the most awesome God-less force in the modern world and it is now seen as a major part of everyday life. The average person spends 4 hours a day watching TV becoming roughly 1/3 of a persons typical waking hours. Television is a constructed view of reality, sometimes exaggerated extremely, solely to create entertainment. In the UK, there are five major terrestrial television channels, (four organisations) with some being vastly more successful than others. The BBC is the only organisation not to make money from advertising. Their money is generated from the TV Licence fee, and this type of broadcasting is known as Public Service Broadcasting. Channel 5 is perhaps seen as the least successful of the five TV channels, possibly due to the fact that it is the youngest. The channel began in 1995, but it was not able to broadcast nationally as many of the populations televisions could not receive it. The company offered to retune every TV that couldnt receive it, before the big launch in 1997. A long advertising campaign was launched, known as Give Me Five in an attempt to draw in viewers. On the 30th March, 1997, Channel 5 was launched at 6pm, attracting an audience of 2. 4 million people, a figure higher than the launch of Channel 4, fifteen years earlier. This new channel neither had the money or reputation to buy and broadcast potentially successful material. Perhaps getting off to a bad start, the main schedule consisted of home and cookery programmes, cheap US exports, and late night pornography. However, Channel 5 did receive praise for its news programming, and soon the ratings became consistently acceptable. The channel gained more money, and was soon able to buy better quality shows, such as Home Away. In 2002, Channel 5 underwent a major image modification. The name changed from Channel 5 to simply, Five, and progressed itself as a serious rival to the other 4 channels. However, the channel has not been without its flaws. For example, Friends spin-off series, Joey, was bought by Five in 2005. Despite a high-profile launch and ad campaign, the program received poor ratings and was eventually cancelled. Similarly, other shows such as Robot Wars and CD:UK proved to be a flop for the channel. These unsuccessful shows have seemingly increased the channels poor reputation. In the channels first year of broadcasting, five receives its lowest audience shares of 2. 3%, but this can be expected from a debuting channel. Fifteen years earlier, Channel 4 received even lower audience shares on its opening night, although it could be argued that people watched less television in the 1980s. The audience shares increased, and peaked in 2004. The channel has the lowest audience share of the terrestrial channels, but, in its defence, Five is not received in all of the UKs homes. Like all of the other terrestrial channels, Five now has sister channels, Five US and Five Life. These two channels are both somewhat successful, but other sister channels, such as ITV2, E4 and BBC Three are proving to be more viewed. Nowadays, Five is able to branch out and buy successful US shows such as Prison Break and House, as well as buying programmes from other channels in 2008, Five bought Neighbours from the BBC. The BBC was established in the early 1920s, but it was not until 1936 that the channel began its regular television broadcasting as a public service TV channel. However, it was further suspended after WWII began, until 1946 when the permanent service was established. The BBCs mission was to inform, educate and entertain and is still taken into account today. The BBC broadcasts a wide variety of programmes on both of its channels, BBC1 and BBC2. The BBCs major programme is EastEnders, the popular primetime soap. On a weekly basis, the soap receives the highest rating of all terrestrial shows, with only the ITV1 soap, Coronation Street, (and occasionally reality shows such as The X Factor and Dancing On Ice) playing as its rival. Other BBC shows, such as Top Gear, Doctor Who and Little Britain have all been a success throughout the last decade, further improving the channels ratings and reputation. In an attempt to branch out and widen its audience, the BBC has recently made some unlikely purchases. In 2007, the channel brought the successful US show Heroes to BBC2. The show quickly became a phenomenon, and is different from what would usually be broadcast on BBC2. The BBC continues to dominate terrestrial TV, by finding ways to bring in more viewers. The programmes vary from food, to lifestyle, to documentary, to political. The BBC is now contending with ITV in the reality market, as it now features shows looking for new west-end stars, and the ever popular series, Strictly Come Dancing. BBC1 receives the highest audience share of the 5 channels, with an average of 26%. It is seen as the main channel, and regularly receives high ratings. This major organisation has the money to do whatever it pleases, and this has shown over the last decade. The BBC now has 8 channels BBC1, BBC2, BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC and CBeebies. These 8 channels prove to cater for everyone. BBC Three is the most popular of the sister channels, frequently receiving new material such as Lily Allen and Friends and Gavin Stacey. The channel is a lighter version of BBC1, with a more comedic element. The BBC now broadcasts internationally. A new channel, BBC America, was launched in 1998, and has carried programming from the BBC to the USA, such as Torchwood and The Graham Norton Show. BBC America is part of two international channels, the other being BBC World. A recent feature of the BBC, BBC iPlayer, has recently been introduced. It has become an on-demand online video player, with unlimited access to BBC shows. The iPlayer is proving extremely popular, with more than 3. 5 million programmes downloaded in its opening week. However, despite the BBC being a major empire, the company relies on the licence fee. It is the only channel not to rely on income through advertising. The core belief of public service television is that it is free from the pressures of commercial TV, and, as its income is guaranteed, public service TV is freer to explore. But this does not mean it can become complacent. High audience shares are still needed because, if they were to fall, the licence fee would be in serious jeopardy. For years, there has been a debate as to whether public service broadcasting should continue. Naturally, the BBC wishes for it to continue, whereas others disagree. The BBC has very little to do to secure its funding, whereas the commercial companies have to work to get their income. The opponents of public service television argue that it is simply another form of taxation. With the arrival and expansion of satellite and cable, some people have no interest in the public service channels. For the BBC, public service broadcasting means that certain pressures are put upon them, but their income is fixed. The BBC could be said to have better quality shows due to them receiving easy money, and it also means that their programmes can be longer, due to the fact that they dont have to make time for advertising. However, for Channel 5, public service television means that there are no pressures. The channel can show what they want (within reason) but their income is variable. Unsurprisingly, the commercial channels are against the licence fee, as it seems unfair. It seems as if the media are in constant debate over whether the licence fee should continue, as many people pay considerable sums for services in which they have no interest in.

Polio :: essays research papers

Poliomyelitis, infectious virus disease of the central nervous system, sometimes resulting in paralysis. The greatest incidence of the disease, also known as infantile paralysis, is in children between the ages of five and ten years. The disease was described in 1840 by the German orthopedist Jacob von Heine. In its clinical form it is more prevalent in temperate zones. Symptoms The virus usually enters the body through the alimentary tract and spreads along nerve cells to affect various parts of the central nervous system. The incubation period ranges from about 4 to 35 days. Early symptoms include fatigue, headache, fever, vomiting, constipation, stiffness of the neck, or, less commonly, diarrhea and pain in the extremities. Because nerve cells that control muscular movement are not replaced once they are destroyed, poliovirus infection can cause permanent paralysis. When nerve cells in respiratory centers, which control breathing, are destroyed, the victim must be kept alive by an iron lung (see Artificial Respiration). For every paralytic case of poliomyelitis, however, there may be 100 nonparalytic cases. Treatment Because no drug developed so far has proved effective, treatment is entirely symptomatic. Use of moist heat coupled with physical therapy to stimulate the muscles was first initiated by the Australian nurse Elizabeth Kenny, and antispasmodic drugs are administered to produce muscular relaxation. In the convalescent stage, occupational therapy is used. Disease Control Three broad types of the virus have been identified: the Brunhilde (type 1), Lansing (type 2), and Leon (type 3) strains. Immunity to one strain does not furnish protection against the other two. Poliomyelitis control was made possible when, in 1949, the American bacteriologist John Franklin Enders and his coworkers discovered a method of growing the viruses on tissue in the laboratory. Applying this technique, the American physician and epidemiologist Jonas Salk developed a vaccine prepared from inactivated poliomyelitis viruses of the three known types. After field trials in 1954 the vaccine was pronounced safe and effective, and mass inoculation began. The American virologist Albert Sabin subsequently developed a vaccine containing attenuated, live polio virus that could be given orally.

Factory Overhead Allocation Method

Overhead Allocation [pic] Overhead Allocation Overview In many businesses, the cost of overhead is substantially greater than direct costs, so the cost accountant must expend considerable attention on the proper method of allocating overhead to inventory. There are two types of overhead, which are administrative overhead and manufacturing overhead. Administrative overhead includes those costs not involved in the development or production of goods or services, such as the costs of front office administration and sales; this is essentially all overhead that is not included in manufacturing overhead.Manufacturing overhead is all of the costs that a factory incurs, other than direct costs. You need to allocate the costs of manufacturing overhead to any inventory items that are classified as work-in-process or finished goods. Overhead is not allocated to raw materials inventory, since the operations giving rise to overhead costs only impact work-in-process and finished goods inventory.The following items are usually included in manufacturing overhead: |Depreciation of factory equipment |Quality control and inspection | |Factory administration expenses |Rent, facility and equipment | |Indirect labor and production supervisory wages |Repair expenses | |Indirect materials and supplies |Rework labor, scrap and spoilage | |Maintenance, factory and production equipment |Taxes related to production assets | |Officer salaries related to production |Uncapitalized tools and equipment | |Production employees’ benefits |Utilities | Definition of ‘Applied Overhead'A type of overhead that is recorded under the cost-accounting method. Applied overhead is a fixed charged to a specific production job or department within a company. Applied overhead stands in contrast to general overhead, such as utilities or rent. Other forms of applied overhead include depreciation and insurance Definition of Actual Overhead: The actual overhead refers to the indirect manufacturing c osts actually occurring and recorded. These include the manufacturing costs of electricity, gas, water, rent, property tax, production supervisors, depreciation, repairs, maintenance, and more. The applied overhead refers to the indirect manufacturing costs that have been assigned to the goods manufactured.Manufacturing overhead is usually applied, assigned, or allocated by using a predetermined annual overhead rate. For example, a manufacturer might estimate that in its upcoming accounting year there will be $2,000,000 of manufacturing overhead and 40,000 machine hours. As a result, this manufacturer sets its predetermined annual overhead rate at $50 per machine hour. Since the future overhead costs and future number of machine hours were not known with certainty, and since the actual machine hours will not occur uniformly throughout the year, there will always be a difference between the actual overhead costs incurred and the amount of overhead applied to the manufactured goods.Ho pefully, the differences will be minimal at the end of the accounting year. APPLIED Overhead is computed using the predetermined overhead rate and is the amount of costs applied (or estimated) to be allocated (needed) for specific jobs. ACTUAL Overhead is found after the manufacturing process is complete which gives the actual amount of used/consumed resources (or total costs) that it needed to complete the job. The two amounts can then be compared afterward which is known as Under- or Overapplied Manufacturing Overhead. When Manufacturing Overhead has a DEBIT balance, overhead is said to be UNDERAPPLIED, meaning that the overhead applied to work in process or to the certain job is LESS than the overhead incurred.On the contrary, when manufacturing overhead has a CREDIT balance, overhead is OVERAPPLIED, meaning that the overhead assigned to work in process or to the certain job is GREATER than the overhead incurred. The typical procedure for allocating overhead is to accumulate all manufacturing overhead costs into one or more cost pools, and to then use an activity measure to apportion the overhead costs in the cost pools to inventory. Thus, the overhead allocation formula is: Cost pool / Total activity measure = Overhead allocation per unit You can allocate overhead costs by any reasonable measure, as long as it is consistently applied across reporting periods. Common bases of allocation are direct labor hours charged against a product, or the amount of machine hours used during the production of a product.The amount of allocation charged per unit is known as the overhead rate. The overhead rate can be expressed as a proportion, if both the numerator and denominator are in dollars. For example, ABC Company has total indirect costs of $100,000 and it decides to use the cost of its direct labor as the allocation measure. ABC incurs $50,000 of direct labor costs, so the overhead rate is calculated as: $100,000 Indirect costs $50,000 Direct labor The result is a n overhead rate of 2. 0. Alternatively, if the denominator is not in dollars, then the overhead rate is expressed as a cost per allocation unit. For example, ABC Company decides to change its allocation measure to hours of machine time used.ABC has 10,000 hours of machine time usage, so the overhead rate is now calculated as: $100,000 Indirect costs 10,000 Machine hours The result is an overhead rate of $10. 00 per machine hour. If the basis of allocation does not appear correct for certain types of overhead costs, it may make more sense to split the overhead into two or more overhead cost pools, and allocate each cost pool using a different basis of allocation. For example, if warehouse costs are more appropriately allocated based on the square footage consumed by various products, then store warehouse costs in a warehouse overhead cost pool, and allocate these costs based on square footage used.Thus, far we have assumed that only actual overhead costs incurred are allocated. Howev er, it is also possible to set up a standard overhead rate that you continue to use for multiple reporting periods, based on long-term expectations regarding how much overhead will be incurred and how many units will be produced. If the difference between actual overhead costs incurred and overhead allocated is small, you can charge the difference to the cost of goods sold. If the amount is material, then allocate the difference to both the cost of goods sold and inventory. Definition of ‘Cost Of Goods Sold – COGS' The direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold by a company.This amount includes the cost of the materials used in creating the good along with the direct labor costs used to produce the good. It excludes indirect expenses such as distribution costs and sales force costs. COGS appears on the income statement and can be deducted from revenue to calculate a company's gross margin. Also referred to as â€Å"cost of sales. † Our consent over The Topic: To determine the cost of goods we have to determine the factory overhead. Cost of goods are included all the costs occurred during the production including direct and indirect material, labor and all the factory overhead costs. We use allocation method to determine the factory overhead costs.If we can’t determine the factory overhead costs we can’t find out the actual cost of the goods those are produced and the sale value we can’t determine correctly. Because cost of a good is consisted with factory overhead costs. Factory overhead expenses should be determined otherwise understated rate of a good can occur. Because if we can’t determine the factory overhead costs we can’t actually determine the cost of a good that is prepared for sale. Allocation methods are used to determine factory overhead costs. Organizations use Applied or Actual factory overhead allocation methods to determine the Factory overhead costs. Cost of goods are li ed with these factory overhead costs.So if we need to determine the amount in which we need to sale a good we need to determine it’s total manufacturing costs. Otherwise loss will occur. Conclusion: Cost of Goods sold is actually related with sales. And Allocation method is used to determine the factory overhead costs which is necessary to determine the costs o a good. We need to determine the factory overhead before the goods are sold. Because without calculating the factory overhead we can’t determine the costs of a good and can’t determine the amount in which we need to sale that good. That’s why we use Allocation method to determine the factory overhead better than charging or crediting the difference to COGS.

Ap Comparative Government/Politics Ch.1 Outline Essay

Introduction The Global Challenges of Comparative Politics Introduction to Comparative Politics-Studies how different countries both shape and are shaped by the world. 1989,2001, and 2008 define the current era of world politics-describes a particular important moment; critical juncture. A frequently cited date is 1989, when the Berlin wall was dismantled. 1989 ushered in three important changes. Marked the end of a bipolar world-marked the emergence of a unipolar world. Marked the triumph of one model of political and economic development. 1989 was a gateway to globalization. Globalization provided a new and distinctive lens for analyzing politics within and among countries. The key question is that whether the global diffusion of investment, trade, production, and electronic communication technologies would promote a worldwide expansion of opportunity and enhance human development. We have been forced to rethink the meaning of globalization Since on September 11, 2001, when the Islamic terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden launched deadly attacks on The World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The attacks created a new challenge, and produced a tragic and somber critical juncture following the brief post-cold war period. Many countries have been attacked by terrorist before Sept. 11, 2001, including the U.S. This was different because of the amount of the scale-more than 3000 deaths. 9/11 was not an isolated event, soon followed attacks around the world. This led to be known as the Contemporary era. In October, the U.S. attacked the Taliban regime in Afghanistan because that was where it was known for Osama Bin Laden-the leader of the attack on 9/11-to be hiding. Globalization and Terrorism make the current era complex and fraught with uncertainties. 2008 is noteworthy because of a cascade of economic challenges. Such as the price of crude oil on world markets reached $100 a barrel and $140 by the summer. Gas at the pump c ost over $4 a gallon And a world wide recession erupted in late 2008, the demand for oil plummeted. The price of petroleum matters because the world runs on oil, it fuels the global economy. The world supply is finite, nonrenewable, and becoming increasingly scarce. Competition for access to petroleum has considerably increased in the twenty-first century. This is largely because China and India have achieved extraordinary rapid industrialization and economic growth that requires hugh amounts of oil. Many of the major petroleum exporters have somewhat unstable regimes. Finally, the cost of petroleum is measured in dollars, and the U.S. dollar has significantly declined recently. 2008 was the year when scientists started warning people about CO2 emissions and that in several decades may be an irreversible tipping point. Involving melting polar ice caps and rising sea levels, which can be disastrous for people in coastal areas. Globalization and Comparative Politics Globalization also involves the movement of people due to migration, employment, business, and educational opportunities. Globalization includes other profound changes that are less visible but equally significant. For example, new applications of information technology and new ways to deliver news and images around the world. Making Sense of Turbulent Times The World of States: the historical formation, internal organization, and interaction of states within the international order. Governing the Economy: the role of the state in economic management. The Democratic Idea: the spread of democracy and the challenges of democratization. The Politics of Collective Identities: the sources and political impact of diverse collective identities, including class, gender, ethnicity, nationality, and religion. What-and How-Comparative Politics Compares Comparative Politics is a subfield within the academic discipline of political science as well as a method or approach to the study of politics. Comparative Politics involves comparing domestic political institutions, processes, policies, conflicts, and attitudes in different countries. Level of Analysis Countries comprise distinct, politically defined territories that encompass political institutions, cultures, economics, and ethnic and other social identities. The state is almost always the most powerful cluster of institutions. State refers to the key political institutions responsible for making, implementing, and adjudicating important policies in a country. Causal Theories Themes for Comparative Analysis Theme 1: A World of States States provide more or less well for the social protection of citizens through the provision-in one way or another-of health care, old age pensions, aid to dependent children, and assistance to the unemployed. It is states that regulate the movement of people across boarders through immigration law. States have been significantly affected by globalization. Theme 2: Governing the Economy The success of states in maintaining sovereign authority and control over their people is greatly affected by their ability to ensure that an adequate volume of goods and services is produced to satisfy the needs of their populations. Effective economic performance is near the top of every states personal agenda. How it organizes production and the extent and nature of it intervention in the economy-is a key element in its overall pattern of governance. Political economy refers to how governments affect economic performance and how economic performance in turn affects a country’s political processes. Sustainable development which promotes ecologically sound ways to modernize the economy and raise the standards of living. Theme 3: The Democratic Idea One of the most important and astounding political developments in recent years has been the rapid spread of democracy throughout much of the world. There is overwhelming evidence of the strong appeal of the democratic idea, by which the claim by citizens that they should, exercise substantial control over the decisions made by their states and governments. By 2007 more countries were becoming free, while democracy is not yet uniformly practiced, nor uniformly accepted. Another important pressure for democracy is born of the human desire for dignity and equality. Social Movements have targeted the state because of its actions or inactions in such varied spheres as environmental regulation, reproductive rights, and race or ethnic relations. Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identity Comparatists thought that social class-solidarities bases on the shared experience of work or economic position. Now know that the formation of group attachments and the interplay of politically relevant collective identities are far more complex and uncertain. Religion is another source of collective identity- as well as of severe political conflict. Distributional politics-the process of deciding who gets what and how resources are distributed. Classifying Political Systems When Comparativists classify a large number of cases into smaller number of types or clusters, they call the result a typology. Typology facilitate comparison both within the same type as well as between types of states. Can also compare across clusters or types. In this type of comparison-comparativists call this â€Å"most different case analysis†. What is the meaning-or rather meanings-of democracy? Selection to the highest public offices is on the basis of free and fair election. For an election to qualify as fair, there must be procedures in place guaranteeing candidates the right to compete, all citizens must be entitled to vote, and votes must be counted accurately. Political parties are free to organize, present candidates for public office, and compete in elections. The elected governments develops policy according to specified procedures. All citizens possess political rights. The political system contains a judiciary with powers independent of the executive and legislature. The elected government exercises supreme power within the government and country. There is widespread agreement that conflicts will be resolved peacefully. A Typology of Political Systems Our typology of political systems involves a further distinction between long-established, or consolidated democracies. Organization of the Text 1: The Making of the Modern State Section 1 provides an overview of the forces that have shaped the particular character of the state. This discussion should give you the idea of how the country assumed its current political order. 2: Political Economy and Development (1) Section 2 looks at the issues raised by our core theme of governing the economy and analyzes how economic development has affected political change. 3: Governance and Policy-Making (1) Section 3 describes the state’s major policy-making institutions and procedures. Representation and Participation (1) The focus of section 4 is the relationship between a country’s state and society. 5: Politics in Transition (1) In Section 5, each country study returns to the books four themes and analyzes the major challenges reshaping the world and the study of comparative politics.

buy custom The Really Smart Phone essay

buy custom The Really Smart Phone essay Smart phone is a mobile phone that has the characteristics which are more in advanced in the connectivity and on computing ability than the normal cell phone. Smart phone are sometimes thought as handheld integrated computers with a mobile telephone in them. A smartphone enables the user to run and proactively do the multitasking of applications that are in built to the principal hardware. A complete operating system is installed in smartphones and this software enables the provision of a platform for provision of application by developers and users. Thus they have the combination of the camera phone and personal digital assistant in them (PDA). According to a research conducted in the early 2011, smartphones are having rates that are very accelerating when it comes to the rate at which mobile phone users are adopting them for work and for contact purposes. The research result according to Olswang report showed that 22% of mobile phone uses have switched to the smart phone and most o f these being in the age bracket of 25- 35 years (Mobile reference 56). The growing demand for the more advanced mobile services which have high and powerful processors, larger LCD screens, large memories and an operating system that is open has overtaken the rest of the phones with the low processing sped and have the absence of the operating system. These phones include this smart phone. According to the study conducted by the Comscore, over 45.5 million mobile phone users in the United States had the access and owner ship of smart phones by the year 2010. This percentage was out of the 234 million registered subscribers hat are present in that country (Mobile reference 46). The first smart phone was designed and shown as a product concept in the year 1992 by the IBM Simon. The smart phone was released out to the market in 1993 and was sold by the user. Despite being a mobile phone device, this first ever designed smart phone had he features of a calendar, address book, the world clock, the calculator, email services, games, the note pad and the sending and receiving of fax options. The smart phone had no physical keypads to operate and instead it had the touch screen option that was used for operations purposes. Many users have this question in mind, what makes a smart phone? And why is it smart? Below is the answer. A smart phone has much difference from the normal cell phone, as said in the first paragraph, a smart phone is a device for making and receiving calls and at the same time have a lot of added features that makes it more than a phone. These features include the ability to receive and send emails and the options of editing office documents for instance. Smart phones were developed as a result of the renovation of the cellphone and the personal digital assistants. The key smart phone that makes it a smart phone includes the ability the following features in details; Operating system- a smart phone must have the feature of being installed with an operating system that allows its applications to run productively. The blackberry smart phones for instance use the blackberry operating systems whereas most of them use the common windows mobile operating system(Mobile reference 14). Software- other than the basic software that is common even in the normal cell phone, smart phones has the ability to do m ore software tasks such as use of the Microsoft word, viewing and downloading of applications and personal and business finance manager soft wares (Mobile reference 15). QWERTY Keyboard- this is a definition of the key arrangements that are present in a computes keyboard, the smart phone has the same feature in the arrangement of its keypad as that of the computers keyboard. This keyboard in the smart phone is found in the physical form whereby one can type on or in the touchscreen format (Mobile reference 14). Messaging services- despite the feature of receiving and sending messages being common in most of the cell phones, the smart phone has the added feature that enables it to handle the e- mails in multiples and access of the yahoo messenger option among other options. Web Access- The website access is a property that allows the computer systems to access the internet services at a higher speed as a result of the development and the growth of the 3G network system and the Wi-Fi support among the smart phones (obile reference 14). The legal issue of the smart phones The legal sue of the use of smart phones for personal use ad business use has brought forward many issues. However, much issue has been put across in the use of these devices for business purposes among individuals and organizations. If the company owns or uses a smartphone, then it also owns all the phone number that are assigned to that device, in case an employee leaves the company, the phone number is usually given to anther employee and for that reason if that employee owns the smartphone and leave the company, all the contacts belonging to customers and other employees that were in that number are no longer used for contact purposes with the company. Due to the varying laws in different states, the employers might have rights in one location but no rights another location. The most important legal issue about the use of the smart phones at business is the question of who has the access and ownership to data. When these phones are issued to employees in a business organization, then he or she is the one with aces to the information stored on these smartphones. Their complex features that are almost similar to those of computers make them to store a lot of data. This data can be relevant to the business or irrelevant. For instance, in an organization that offers healthcare service or financial services, most of the information about these customers is stored in these smart phones and can therefore be traced back by any one who has access to the smartphone. Due to the sensitivity of this information, it is the mandate of the user to protect the private data that is private and confidential (Mobile reference 44). Despite the positive outcomes that are present in the use of the smart phones, they also happen to have several issues that are of disadvantage both to the customer and the employer or the user. For instance, these smart phones due to their feature that enables them to have the GPRS settings, this is an implication that someone can monitor the moves of the individual with the phone either knowingly or unknowingly. This is made possible by installation of special programs that enable one to tread the call logs, the email messages, the texts, and listen to made conversations. This aspect might be of both value and disadvantage depending on the purpose of the tracking. These are the issues associated with the employee and customers monitoring (Mobile reference 48). The other issue that raises eyebrow on their legality is the liability factors. This happens when an employee uses the smart phone a basement to launch an attack or to hack into a network or a website that is out of restriction for him or her, harassing a worker or a customer or the act of any other cyber crime. As a result, one wonders where it is possible for an individual to sue to the company or the employee via claims that by the use of the companys devices, the employers action were in representation of the entire company. Smart phone laws Fast case- is a mobile law for smart phones and in precise the iPhone that allows the user to have the option of searching all the cases and statutes from all the states inclusive of the federal government. The smart phone technology search enables the puling of the cases tat are most relevant to the search query on top of the feature that customizable and help in the search process in the iPhone. Thus application is free in smart phone but it needs an application of the account in order to make sure that one gains access to features such as the document saving of the search of historical facts. This is a law that has very many lawyers being in registration with it due to its effectiveness (George 129). Droid Law- just like the fast case law, the droid law in smart phone is a form of a legal reference for smart phone and other mobile users application that ensures the following bases in its application, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Additional reference materials include, such as the code of the United States or U.S. Constitution add-on are mush available for user but unlike the fast case law, the Droid law gooes at a fee (George 128). Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Edition- this is the most applied law book in the world, this is an application in the blackberry smartphone that enables the user to access over 55,000 different terms of language with spelling pronunciations and over 3000 quotations at your smart phone. This smart phone application has much legality for todays students due to its dictionary feature plus other features such as the progressive and the look up search features. The above named different mobile laws have different impact depending on the user. The career of the user has much to do with the law that the user decides to purchase. On my own point of view smart phones should have the above laws this is due to the fact that most of their use is for business purposes. The business that they are used for operate at different features, for that reason, a user who works in a security organization such as the police departments is likely to purchase a different law from his/her smart phone from a user whose smart for is for business that involve lawyers, the same case applies to student, they are likely to purchase a law that has much relevance to their education and in this case they are likely to purchase the Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Edition law (Alexander 34). However, mobile laws are likely to cause or be responsible for negative outcomes, as a result some of the federal houses have come up with a proposal that have been implemented in some states in the united states of banning the smartphones as a results of fears that lead to beliefs that they could be used as bombs. This was in a report that was released on March, 23 the year 2011 by the administrative office of the courts. The main reason for this ban was claims that some smart phones could and can be used as bombs due to the fact hat these devices commonly present the issue of security among their users, as a result of their features that support most of the programs, they can be converted to bombs and explosive via the remote control through the installation of special programs. This issue has raised issue in the security sector. In most countries that have large number of smart phone users, their non- metallic feature and their small size also makes it very impossible for them to be scanned in order for hem to be detected for test of explosives and harmful devices that might be tracked on them. Other negative issue related to the use of smart phones includes the secret recording and transmission in court proceedings whereby it enables the assessors to use their smart phones and their internet capabilities to conduct the research and come up with solutions. As a result of this, Federal courtrooms across the country have varying policies concerning mobile devices. Some of the courthouses have been known to require individuals to check in their mobile devices at the security entry. Other courthouses necessitate users to humbly turn their devices such as mobile phones and PDAs off. In San Francisco, the state where live blogging throughout court proceedings is a usual practice, several federal courtrooms actually have Wi-Fi networks available to allow wireless access for mobile and other devices. In another instance where the smart phones have been use to conduct illegal offences, in the past three years, the Chicago Police Department has supplied powerful new tools to officers who are in the fieldBlackBerry smart phones. But the BlackBerry smart phone may have miscarried on the police department, which is now being charged by an officer in the gang investigations unit for the overtime that he claims he earned while using his smart phone off the clock. The police department has deliberately violated the FLSA [Fair Labor Standards Act] by purposely declining to pay the complainant and other similarly situated employees in the department all compensation outstanding them under the FLSA for their after-hours Blackberry use A judge had to certify the case in a court of for a final decision to be made. The situation is one of a margin worldwide in which employees have claimed overtime compensation for smart-phone useand in precise it is the first that was involving public employee s. However, different lawyers said that such cases are a perfect warning to employers to put a smart-phone usage strategy and policy in place before they end up in the same situation. Buy custom The Really Smart Phone essay

Geology vs. Earth Science vs. Geoscience

Geology vs. Earth Science vs. Geoscience Geology, Earth science and geoscience are different terms with the same literal definition: the study of the Earth. In the academic world and professional realm, the terms may be interchangeable or have different connotations  based on how they are being used.  Over the last few decades, many colleges and universities have changed their geology degrees to Earth science or geoscience or added those as separate degrees altogether.     On Geology Geology is the older word and has a much longer history. In that sense, geology is the root of Earth science. The word arose before todays scientific discipline. The first geologists werent even geologists; they were natural philosophers, academic types whose novelty lay in extending the methods of philosophy to the book of nature. The first meaning of the word geology, in the 1700s, was a treatise, a theory of the Earth, much like Isaac Newtons triumph,  the cosmology or theory of the heavens, a century before. The still earlier geologists of medieval times were inquisitive, cosmological theologians who treated the Earth by analogy to the body of Christ and paid scant attention to rocks. They produced some erudite discourse and fascinating diagrams, but nothing that we would recognize as science. (Todays Gaia hypothesis might be thought of as a New Age version of this long-forgotten world view.) Eventually, geologists shook off that musty medieval mantle, but their subsequent activities gave them a new reputation that was to haunt them later. Geologists are the ones who explored the rocks, mapped the mountains, explained the landscape, discovered the Ice Ages and laid bare the workings of the continents and the deep Earth. Geologists are the ones who found aquifers, planned mines, advised the extractive industries, and laid straight the road to wealth based on gold, oil, iron, coal and more. Geologists put the rock record in order, classified the fossils, named the eons and eras of prehistory and laid out the deep foundation of biological evolution.   I tend to think of geology as one of the true original sciences, along with astronomy, geometry and mathematics. Chemistry began as a purified, laboratory child of geology. Physics originated as an abstraction of engineering. This is not to downplay their wonderful progress and great stature, but only to establish priority. On Earth Science and Geoscience   Earth science  and geoscience gained currency with newer, more interdisciplinary tasks that build upon the work of the geologists. To put it simply, all geologists are Earth scientists, but not all Earth scientists are geologists.   The twentieth century brought revolutionary progress to every field of science. It was the cross-fertilization of chemistry, physics and computation, newly applied to the old problems of geology, that opened up geology into a wider realm referred to as Earth science or geoscience. It seemed like a whole new field in which the rock hammer and field map and thin section were less relevant.   Today, an Earth science or geoscience degree entails a much wider realm of subjects than a traditional geology degree. It studies all of Earths dynamic processes, so typical coursework may include oceanography, paleoclimatology, meteorology and hydrology as well as normal traditional geology courses like mineralogy, geomorphology, petrology and stratigraphy.   Geoscientists and Earth scientists do things that geologists of the past never contemplated. Earth scientists help oversee remediation of polluted sites. They study the causes and effects of climate change. They advise the managers of lands, wastes and resources. They compare the structures of planets around our Sun and around other stars. Green and Brown Science It appears that educators have had an extra effect as curriculum standards for primary and secondary-school students have grown more complex and involved. Among these educators, the typical definition of Earth science is that it consists of geology, oceanography, meteorology and astronomy. As I see it, geology is a burgeoning set of subspecialties that is expanding into these neighboring sciences (not oceanography but marine geology; not meteorology but climatology; not astronomy but planetary geology), but thats clearly a minority opinion. A basic Internet search turns up twice as many Earth science lesson plans as geology lesson plans.   So where are we today? I see the field dividing into two pedagogical tracks: Geology is minerals, maps and mountains; rocks, resources and eruptions; erosion, sediment and caves. It involves walking around in boots and doing hands-on exercises with ordinary substances. Geology is brown. Earth science and geoscience are the study of geology as well as pollution, food webs, paleontology, habitats, plates and climate change. It involves all of Earths dynamic processes, not just those on the crust. Earth science is green. Maybe its all just a matter of language. Earth science and geoscience are as straightforward in English as geology is in scientific Greek. And as a sarcastic defense to the increasing popularity of the former terms - how many college freshmen know Greek?   Edited by Brooks Mitchell